Vakterminologie CD en DVD fabricage / producten

Wij gaan er van uit dat de meeste termen die in de context van CD en DVD productie gebruikt worden Engelstalig zijn en veroorloven ons onderstaande tabel te begrenzen tot Engelstalige uitdrukkingen.

A

ANSI
American National Standards Institute. Publishes industry standards for a wide range of technologies.
Authoring
What you do to create an application that may eventually be stored on CD. For example, if you wish to create a multimedia game or presentation, you will need authoring software that allows you to combine sound, graphics, and text, and provides some user interactivity. When you have finished creating your application with authoring software, you can use CD recording software such as Easy CD Creator or Adaptec Toast to write it to CD.
Auto-Insert Notification
A feature of Windows 95 and Windows NT that causes an audio CD to be played or an application disc to launch an application (for some discs) as soon as the disc is mounted in a CD drive. With earlier CD-R software it was recommended that this feature be turned off, but with Easy CD Creator and Direct CD it is preferable to leave it on. This setting must be made for each CD unit separately; in Windows 95 it can be made in Control Panel - System - Device Manager - CD-ROM (your CD-ROM drive) Settings.

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B

Barcode
A unique code for any manufactured unit. With recordable CDs, this number is often printed in the clear inner ring of the disc. Some CD recorders can also read this information digitally.
Bit Depth
In color images, the number of colors used to represent the image. Typical values are 8-, 16-, and 24-bit color, allowing 256, 65,536 and 16,777,216 colors to be represented. The latter is known as true color, because 16.8 million different colors is about as many as the human eye can distinguish.
BIOS
An acronym for Basic Input/Output System. This is usually an EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) chip with computer program instructions in it. A motherboard BIOS (usually by companies such as Phoenix, Award and AMI) controls the basic functions of the computer (such as controlling the keyboard, monitor, on board controllers etc.).

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C

CD-Compatible
CD-R discs written that can be read in either a CD-DA player or in a CD-ROM reader.
CD Extra or CD Plus
A multi-session disc containing a number of audio tracks in the first session, and one CD-ROM XA data track in the second session. Additional characteristics are defined in the Blue Book standard. This is an alternative to mixed-mode for combining standard CD-DA audio (which can be played in a normal audio player), and a computer application, on a single disc.
CD+G
(AKA karaoke) A special disc format in which simple graphics and text are stored in the subchannels of an audio disc, but you need a special player to read and display this information. The data in the subchannels cannot be copied with most current systems or software.
CD-DA
Compact Disc-Digital Audio. Jointly developed by Philips and Sony and launched in the U.S. in October, 1982, CD-DA was the first incarnation of the compact disc, used to digitally record and play back music at unprecedented quality. The standard under which CD-DA discs are recorded is known as the Red Book Standard.
CD-I
A compact disc format developed by Philips, designed to allow interactive multimedia applications to be played through a computer/disc player attached to a television. Especially good for real-time animation, video, and sound, the CD-I standard is called the Green Book
CD-R
Compact disc-recordable. Same as CD-WO when referring to recordable discs (media), often used to refer to write-once discs, in contrast to CD-RW, or Compact Disc Re-Writable.
CD-ROM
Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. A standard for compact disc to be used as a digital memory medium for personal computers. The specifications for CD-ROM were first defined in the Yellow Book.
 CD-ROM XA
"XA" stands for Extended Architecture. CD-ROM XA is an extension of the Yellow Book standard, generally consistent with the ISO 9660 logical format but designed to add better audio and video capabilities (taken from the CD-I standard) so that CD-ROM could more easily be used for multimedia applications. CD-ROM XA was abandoned as an independent multimedia format. CD-ROM XA is also the physical format for Photo CD discs.
CD-RW
CD recordable media that can be erased and re-recorded up to 1000 times. CD-RW media can only be written in a CD-RW recorder, not in a normal CD recorder, though a CD-RW recorder can also record standard CD-R discs.
CD-Text
An audio CD format in which up to 5000 characters of disc information (title, artist, song titles, etc.) is written into the disc Table of Contents. This information is displayed when the disc is played back on CD Text-enabled audio players.
CIRC
Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code. The first level of error correction used in every compact disc, and the only one used for audio CDs.
Close Disc
To "close" a recordable disc so that no further data can be written to it. This is done when the last session's lead-in is written. The next writeable address on the disc is not recorded in that lead-in, so the CD recorder in subsequent attempts to write has no way of knowing where to begin writing. Note: It is NOT necessary to close a disc in order to read it in a normal CD-ROM drive. Easy CD Audio because it is single session, Red Book, it automatically closes the disc, there is the option to close the session and leave the disc open for adding more session. Note only mutilsession CD Devices can read the add-on sessions. Almost all standard audio players cannot.

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D

DAT
Digital Audio Tape.
Disc-at-Once
A method of writing CDs in which one or more tracks are written in a single operation, and the disc is closed, without ever turning off the writing laser. Contrast with Track-at-Once. Not all CD recorders support Disc-at-Once.
This writing mode is especially useful for creating a master disc that you will send off to a replicator for mass production. In Disc-at-Once mode, the whole disc - Lead-in, Data, and Lead-out areas are written starting from the beginning of the disc to the end of the disc without ever turning off the recording laser. With Track-at-Once and Track Multi-session, the data area is written first, then the Lead-out area, then the Lead-in area; each time turning off the recording laser to jump to the next area. Each time the recording laser is turned off and on, link blocks are created on the disc. These link blocks "link" tracks with the Lead-in and Lead-out areas. However, these link blocks are interpreted as "uncorrectable errors" on most mastering systems at the replication plant. Writing in Disc-at-Once mode eliminates the link blocks because the recording laser never turns off. Disc-at-Once requires the pre-mastering software to send a "cue sheet" to the CD-R drive that describes the disc layout. From there, the CD-R drive accepts the data and begins writing the Lead-in with the Table of Contents (TOC), the actual data, and the Lead-out in that order, without interruption. Disc-at-Once creates a single session disc only.
Disc Image
A single large file that is an exact representation of the whole set of data and programs as it will appear on a CD, in terms of both content and logical format. This may be an ISO 9660 image (adhering strictly to the ISO 9660 standard), or some proprietary format such as the .cif format used by Easy CD Creator.

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E

ECC
Error Correction Code. A system of scrambling data and recording redundant data onto disc as it is recorded. During playback, this redundant information helps to detect and correct errors that may arise during data transmission.

EPS
A graphic file format specifically used to transfer PostScript based data within compatible applications. Usually created by drawing tools such as Adobe Illustrator, an artist can transport curves, paths, spot colors and graphics into PageMaker or QuarkXpress.
In Illustrator you would use File > Save As > EPS.

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F

File System
A data structure that translates the physical (sector) view of a disc into a logical (files, directories) structure, which helps both computers and users locate files. In other words, it records where files and directories are located on the disc. Reference Logical Format.

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G

Gap
The gap (more correctly called a pause) is a space dividing tracks. In some situations a gap is required by the standards (Red Book and other "color" books). For example, if you have data and audio tracks within the same session, they must be separated by a gap. Also, there must be a gap of 2 to 3 seconds preceding the first track on a disc.
The gap which "belongs" to a track is actually the gap before it, not the one after it. This is why on some audio CD players you will see a countdown (-02, -01, etc.) before a track begins. It is counting down to the next track, not counting up from the end of the last one.
Gold Disc (CD-R Media not Gold ROM's)
The recordable disc used in recordable CD systems. The blank disc is made of a bottom layer of polycarbonate, with a preformed track spiral that the recording laser follows when inscribing information onto the disc. This type of disc is therefore also called pre-grooved. A translucent layer of recordable material is laid on top of the polycarbonate, then a reflective layer of gold. On top, there are thin layers of lacquer and label.

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H

HFS
The file system used by the Macintosh operating system to organize data on hard and floppy disks. Can also be used for CD-ROMs.
Hybrid
Under the Orange Book standard for recordable CD, hybrid means a recordable disc on which one or more sessions are already recorded, but the disc is not closed, leaving space open for future recording. However, in popular use the term "hybrid" often refers to a disc containing both DOS/Windows and Macintosh software, which on a DOS/Windows platform is seen as a normal ISO 9660 disc, while on a Mac it appears as an HFS disc.

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I

ISO 9660 Format
An international standard specifying the logical format for files and directories on a CD-ROM or CD-ROM image. format. Some other common logical formats such as Joliet (for Windows) and Rock Ridge are extensions of ISO 9660.
ISRC
International Standard Recording Code. Some recorders allow the ISRC to be recorded for each audio track on a disc. The code is made up of: Country Code (2 ASCII characters), Owner Code (3 ASCII characters), Year of Recording (2 digits), Serial Number (5 digits).

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J

Jewel Case
The hinged plastic case in which most CDs are often stored.
Jewel Case Sleeve (commonly known as "booklet")
The pieces of paper which can be inserted into the jewel case to help identify the contents of the CD stored in the case. The sleeve on the front is called the booklet, the sleeve in the back is the bottomcard
Joliet
Joliet is an extension of the ISO 9660 standard, developed by Microsoft to allow CDs to be recorded using long filenames, and using the Unicode international character set. Joliet allows you to use filenames up to 64 characters in length, including spaces.

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L

Lead-In
An area at the beginning of each session on a recordable compact disc which is left blank for the session's Table of Contents(track numbers and start points). The lead-in is written when a session is closed, and takes up 4500 sectors on disc (1 minute, or roughly 9 megabytes). The lead-in also contains the next writeable address on the disc, (indicates whether the disc is MultiSession) so that future sessions can be added (unless the disc is closed).
Lead-Out
An area at the end of a session which indicates that the end of the data has been reached, there is no actual data written in the lead-out. The first lead-out on a disc is 6750 sectors (1.5 minutes, about 13 megabytes) long; any subsequent lead-outs are 2250 sectors (.5 minute, about 4 megabytes).

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M

Mastering
Technically, refers to the process of creating a glass master from which compact discs will be reproduced in quantity. In desktop recordable CD systems, mastering is done together with pre-mastering by the desktop CD recorder, and the term is generally used to mean "recording."
Mixed-Mode Disc
A compact disc including both computer data and CD-DA tracks. The data is all contained in Track 1, and the audio in one or more following tracks.
MMC (Multi Media Command)
A standard command set used by some CD recorders. Many newer recorders follow this standard, though many of them also interpret it differently (so there are still differences in how software must address these recorders, despite the standard).
Mode
There are two recording modes for compact discs. In Mode 1, used with CD-ROM applications, 288 bytes of each sector are used for storing error correction code, and the remaining 2048 bytes per sector are available for user data. Mode 2, used in CD-I and CD-ROM XA, has two forms: Form 1 is similar to Mode 1, as it is also used to record data that requires error correction; Form 2 is used for recording information such as sound or images which do not require such extreme precision. Since less error correction is needed, more bytes in the sector can be freed for information storage, resulting in a data area of 2336 bytes per sector.
Mode 1
A somewhat inaccurate way of referring to the CD-ROM physical format.
Mode 2
A not-quite-accurate but common way of referring to the CD-ROM XA physical format.
Mount
To install a compact disc so that the computer recognizes its presence and can read data from it.
MP3
MP3 is a scheme for compressing audio. MP3 files do not maintain the quality of audio CD tracks, and cannot be recorded directly to CD as standard audio tracks. They can be recorded as data tracks and played back via your computer using appropriate player software.
MPEG
Motion Picture Experts Group, whose name has been applied to the standards (MPEG 1 and MPEG 2) promulgated by the group for compression of full-motion video.
MultiRead
An OSTA standard for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives. Drives which follow the MultiRead standard can read commercial CDs (audio and data), CD-R discs, and CD-RW discs. They can also read discs written in fixed- or variable-length packets. For more information, see MultiRead Specification from OSTA. Note: Drives containing the MultiRead logo that have been issued by Hewlett-Packard have been tested for compliance with the MultiRead specification. Drives labeled as "multi-read" (without the logo) probably have not been tested for compliance with the specification, and may not be able to read CD-RW or packet-written discs.
Multisession
The Orange Book specification which allows more than a single session to be recorded or read on a CD-ROM or CD-ROM XA disc. A method of adding data incrementally to a CD in more than one recording session. If data is linked between sessions, all data on a multisession disc, when read on a multisession CD-ROM drive, may be seen as part of a single logical structure. Multisession is very different from packet writing.
MultiTrack
The ability to record more than a single track on a disc. Track numbers are from 1 to 99. They continue to increment across session boundaries. For example, if session 1 used tracks 1 to 4, session 2 would start at track 5. Track numbers may start at any value, but must be incremented sequentially on the disc.
Multivolume
A disc containing multiple sessions which are not linked together, so that each "volume" on the disc must be read as if it were a separate disc. You can read different sessions on a disc using the Session Selector in Easy CD Creator Deluxe.

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O

On the Fly
To write on the fly means to write directly from source data to CD data without first writing a disc image Same as Write Direct.

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P

Photo CD
A compact disc format based on the CD-ROM XA, Orange Book and CD-I Bridge specification.
Physical Format
The physical format of a compact disc determines how data is recorded in each sector. The various physical formats are defined by the color book standards (Red Book, Yellow Book, etc.)
Post-Gap
A space dividing tracks, recorded within the track data area at its end. The post- gap is 150 sectors (2 seconds) long and is required only where successive tracks are of different types. However, because many disc replicators expect a post-gap at the end of every track and may erroneously strip out data sectors if they do not find one, Adaptec software recording in Track-at-Once mode (default) records a post-gap after every track.
Pre-Gap
A space dividing tracks, recorded before the track data area. The length of the pre-gap varies with the CD recorder and the types of tracks. Where successive tracks are both of data, one track is separated from another by a track pre-gap of 150 sectors (2 seconds). Where successive tracks are of different types, the pre-gap is usually of 225 sectors (or three seconds). If two successive tracks are audio, there may be no pre-gap at all.
Pre-mastering
The technical process of preparing data to be recorded (mastered) onto a compact disc. This includes dividing the data into sectors (logical blocks) and recording those sectors with the appropriate header (address) and error correction information. In the case of recordable CD systems, premastering and mastering are done in one operation, resulting in a ready-to-read compact disc.

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R

Random Erase
(Available with CD-RW discs and Direct CD 2.0). The ability to erase a single file at a time from a CD-ReWritable disc, freeing up disc space for immediate re-use, just as you would do on a hard or floppy disk.
Recordable Disc
The media used in recordable CD systems. The blank disc is made of a bottom layer of polycarbonate, with a preformed track spiral which the recording laser follows when inscribing information onto the disc. A translucent layer of recordable material is laid on top of the polycarbonate, then a reflective layer (gold or silver colored). On top there is a thin layer of lacquer and sometimes a printed label. The standard recordable disc is "write-once" -- it cannot be erased or re-used. For erasable discs, see CD-RW.
Replication
Or duplication. Making multiple copies of a compact disc.
Resolution
Fineness of detail. In computer monitors it is measured in pixels horizontal x vertical (usually) or in pixels per inch.

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S

Sector
The smallest recordable unit on a CD. A disc can contain [(75 sectors per second) x (60 seconds per minute) x (number of minutes on disc)] sectors. The amount of data contained in the sector depends on what physical format it is recorded in; for "regular" CD-ROM (Mode 1) data, you can fit 2048 bytes (2 kilobytes) of data into a sector.
Sequential Erase
(Available with CD-RW discs.) Erasing the entire disc so that it can be re-used.
Session
As defined in the Orange Book, a recorded segment of a compact disc that may contain one or more tracks of any type (data or audio). In data recording, there is usually only one track per session. In audio recording, all audio tracks are contained in a single session. A lead-in and lead-out are recorded for every session on a disc.
Session-at-Once
Session-at-Once is a subset of Disc-at-Once, used for CD Extra. In Session-at-Once recording, a first session containing multiple audio tracks is recorded in a single pass, then the laser is turned off, but the disc is not closed. Then a second (data) session is written and closed.
Silver Disc (Stamped)
A disc that is mastered by a stamping process. It is read-only and cannot be modified.
Single Session
The smallest collection of information that can be read by a CD-ROM compatible device. It contains the ISO 9960 file structure and files. A single session can contain a single track or multiple tracks. Contrast MultiSession and MultiTrack.

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T

Track
Every time you write to CD, you will create at least one track, which is preceded by a gap. Any session may contain one or more tracks, and the tracks within a session may be of the same or of different types (for example, a mixed-mode disc contains data and audio tracks). Using the Cue Sheet you can record more than one track in a single writing. Packet Recording is the only smaller unit recording.
Track-at-Once
A method of writing data to disc. Each time a track (data or audio) is completed, the recording laser is stopped, even if another track will be written immediately afterwards. Link and run blocks are written when the laser is turned on and off.
Track Multi-Session
This write mode is very similar to Track at Once. In the Multi-session environment, each "session" must contain at least one track. Again, the size of the track must be at least 300 blocks. Track Multi-session, as you have probably guessed, allows you to incrementally add tracks to a disc. (Not to be confused with Incremental Writing) Each session will take up about 13.5Mb of disc space in overhead; what is called Lead-in and Lead-out areas. So it does not make sense to record small amounts of data (less than 50Mb), because each time a write is performed, 13.5Mb of capacity on the disc is lost. Since the disc can only be written to 99 times, this is important to factor).

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U

UDF
Universal Disc Format. A file system endorsed by OSTA (the Optical Storage Technology Association) for use with packet writing and other recordable optical disc technologies, such as DVD.
UPC
Universal Product Code. With some CD recorders, you may define a thirteen-digit UPC catalog number for the entire disc, which will be written in the disc's Table of Contents. Also known as EAN.

V

Video CD
A standard for displaying full motion pictures with associated audio on CD. The video and sound are compressed together using the MPEG 1 standard, and recorded onto a CD Bridge disc. A Video CD disc contains one data track recorded in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 2. It is always the first track on the disc (Track 1). The ISO 9660 file structure and a CD-I application program are recorded in this track, as well as the Video CD Information Area which gives general information about the Video CD disc. After the data track, video is written in one or more subsequent tracks within the same session. These tracks are also recorded in Mode 2 Form 2. The session is closed after all tracks have been written.
Volume
Under the ISO 9660 standard, "volume" refers to a single CD-ROM disc. However, "volume" is often used to mean a session on a multisession disc, which is not linked to other sessions.
Volume Descriptors
For an ISO 9660 disc, the Volume Descriptors are a set of optional information fields recorded at the beginning of the data area on the disc. They were originally designed for the needs of CD-ROM publishers.

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W

Write Direct
Also called on the fly. Files are written directly to the CD disc, however the ISO 9660 structures are temporarily written to the hard disk.
Write First to HD
Also called ISO image. Everything is written to the hard disk first. Contrast it to Write Direct.

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